Paper: History of Africa Topic:( Nationalism and State Formation in Africa)

African nationalism was driven by ideas like self-determination, Pan-Africanism, and anti-imperialism. Leaders such as Kwame Nkrumah promoted Pan-African unity, arguing that Africans shared a common history of oppression and needed to unite to overthrow colonial rule. In places like Kenya and Algeria, nationalism also took a more radical form, justifying armed struggle against colonial powers.

Nationalist movements were not just ideas; they were structured groups. Political parties and movements like the CPP in Ghana, ANC in South Africa, and FLN in Algeria mobilized mass support through trade unions, youth groups, newspapers, and rallies. These organizations helped turn popular discontent into coordinated political action, pressuring colonial governments through protests, strikes, and negotiations. I think